Over the years, Nakivale has hosted refugees and asylum seekers from several countries, including Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan. The settlement’s principal water infrastructure includes systems drawing water from Lake Nakivale, including the Misiera surface-water treatment plant. The plant was established to respond to increasing demand for water from both refugee and host communities. However, continued population growth has placed significant pressure on existing water infrastructure and water-service delivery. The scale of the challenge is evident when Nakivale is compared with other refugee settlements in Uganda.